Senin, 30 Januari 2012

soal mk grammar

1. jelaskan maksud dr subject-object concord dgn 1 contoh

2.jelaskan maksud dr bare infinitive dan to infinitiv dgn 1 contoh

nb: wajib tulis tangan


mohon kritik dan sarannya !!!!

Infinitive

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In grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages. In the usual (traditional) description of English, the infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the particle to: therefore, do and to do, be and to be, and so on are infinitives. As with many linguistic concepts, there is not a single definition of infinitive that applies to all languages. Many Native American languages and some languages in Africa and Aboriginal Australia simply do not have infinitives or verbal nouns. In their place they use finite verb forms used in ordinary clauses or special constructions.
In languages that have infinitives, they generally have most of the following properties[citation needed] :
  • In most uses, infinitives are non-finite verbs.
  • They function as other lexical categories — usually nouns — within the clauses that contain them, for example by serving as the subject of another verb.
  • They do not represent any of the verb's arguments.
  • They are not inflected to agree with any subject.
  • They cannot serve as the only verb of a declarative sentence.
  • They do not have tense, aspect, moods, and/or voice, or they are limited in the range of tenses, aspects, moods, and/or voices that they can use. (In languages where infinitives do not have moods at all, they are usually treated as being their own non-finite mood.)
However, it bears repeating that none of the above is a defining quality of the infinitive; infinitives do not have all these properties in every language, as it is shown below, and other verb forms may have one or more of them. For example, English gerunds and participles have most of these properties as well.

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[edit] English

English language has three non-finite verbal forms, but by long-standing convention, the term "infinitive" is applied to only one of these. (The other two are the past- and present-participle forms, where the present-participle form is also the gerund form.) In English, a verb's infinitive is its unmarked form, such as be, do, have, or sit, often introduced by the particle to. When this particle is absent, the infinitive is said to be a bare infinitive; when it is present, it is generally considered to be a part of the infinitive, then known as the full infinitive (or to-infinitive), and there is a controversy about whether it should be separated from the main word of the infinitive (see Split infinitive). Nonetheless, modern theories typically do not consider the to-infinitive to be a distinct constituent, instead taking the particle to for operating on an entire verb phrase; so, to buy a car is parsed as to [buy [a car]], not as [to buy] [a car].
The bare infinitive and the full infinitive are mostly in complementary distribution. They are not generally interchangeable, but the distinction does not generally affect the meaning of a sentence; rather, certain contexts call almost exclusively for the bare infinitive, and all other contexts call for the full infinitive.
Huddleston and Pullum's Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (CGEL), published in 2002, does not use the notion of the infinitive, arguing that English uses the same form of the verb, the plain form, in infinitival clauses that it uses in imperative and present-subjunctive clauses.

[edit] Bare

The bare infinitive is not used in as many contexts as the full infinitive, but some of these are quite common:
  • The bare infinitive is used as the main verb after the dummy auxiliary verb do, or most modal auxiliary verbs (such as will, can, or should). So, "I will/do/can/etc. see it."
  • Several common verbs of perception, including see, watch, hear, feel, and sense take a direct object and a bare infinitive, where the bare infinitive indicates an action taken by the main verb's direct object. So, "I saw/watched/heard/etc. it happen." (A similar meaning can be effected by using the present participle instead: "I saw/watched/heard/etc. it happening." The difference is that the former implies that the entirety of the event was perceived, while the latter implies that part of the progress of the event was perceived.)
  • Similarly with several common verbs of permission or causation, including make, bid, let, and have. So, "I made/bade/let/had him do it." (However, make takes a to-infinitive in the passive voice: "I was made to do it.")
  • After the had better expression. So, "You had better leave now."
  • With the verb help. So, "He helped them find it." (The use of the to-infinitive with the verb help is also common.)
  • With the word why. So, "Why reveal it?" (Use of the to-infinitive following why is also common.)
  • The bare infinitive is the dictionary form of a verb, and is generally the form of a verb that receives a definition; however, the definition itself generally uses a to-infinitive. So, "The word 'amble' means 'to walk slowly.'"
  • The bare infinitive form coincides with the present subjunctive form as well as the imperative form, but most grammarians do not consider uses of the present subjunctive or imperative to be uses of the bare infinitive.

[edit] Full

The full infinitive (or to-infinitive) is used in a great many different contexts:
  • Outside of dictionary headwords, it is the most commonly used citation form of the English verb: "How do we conjugate the verb to go?"
  • It can be used like a noun phrase, expressing its action or state in an abstract, general way. So, "To err is human"; "To know me is to love me". (However, a gerund is often preferred for this — "Being is doing" would be more natural than the abstract and philosophical sounding "To be is to do."[1])
  • It can be used like an adjective or adverb, expressing purpose or intent. So, "The letter says I'm to wait outside", or "He is the man to talk to", or "[In order] to meditate, one must free one's mind."
  • In either of the above uses, it can often be given a subject using the preposition for: "For him to fail now would be a great disappointment"; "[In order] for you to get there on time, you'll need to leave now." (The former sentence could also be written, "His failing now would be a great disappointment.")
  • It can be used after many intransitive verbs; in this case, it generally has the subject of the main verb as its implicit subject. So, "I agreed to leave", or "He failed to make his case." (This may be considered a special case of the noun-like use above.) With some verbs the infinitive may carry a significantly different meaning from a gerund: compare I stopped to talk to her with I stopped talking to her, or I forgot to buy the bread with I forgot buying the bread.
  • It can be used after the direct objects of many transitive verbs; in this case, it generally has the direct object of the main verb as its implicit subject. So, "I convinced him to leave with me", or "He asked her to make his case on his behalf." However, in some cases, the subject of the main clause is also subject of the infinitival clause, as in "John promises Mary to cook", where the cook is John (the subject of the main sentence), and not Mary (the object).
  • As a special case of the above, it can often be used after an intransitive verb, together with a subject using the preposition for: "I arranged for him to accompany me", or "I waited for summer to arrive."
When the verb is implied, some dialects will reduce the to-infinitive to simply to: "Do I have to?"

[edit] Auxiliary verbs

The auxiliary verb do does not have an infinitive — even though do is also a main verb and in that sense is often used in the infinitive. One does not say *I asked to do not have to, but rather, either I asked not to have to or I asked to not have to (but see split infinitive). Similarly, one cannot emphasize an infinitive using do; one cannot say, "I hear him do say it all the time."
Nonetheless, the auxiliary verbs have (used to form the perfect) and be (also used to form the passive voice and continuous aspect) both commonly appear in the infinitive: "It's thought to have been a ceremonial site", or "I want to be doing it already." "I was supposed to have (already) gone" vs "I should have (already) gone."

[edit] Defective verbs

The modal auxiliary verbs, can, may, shall, will and must are defective in that they do not have infinitives; so, one cannot say, *I want him to can do it, but rather must say, I want him to be able to do it. The periphrases to be able to, to have to and to be going to are generally used in these cases.

[edit] Impersonal constructions

There is a specific situation in which the infinitive is used like an "impersonal future tense", replacing "will". This is done through the construction:
to be + "to" + bare infinitive
Grammatically, this is identical to the instructional "I am to wait outside" construction (above), but does not signify somebody having been issued an instruction; rather, it expresses an intended action, in the same way as "will". This "tense" is used extensively in news reports, eg. –
  • The Prime Minister is to visit the West Bank (active)
  • Aid is to be sent to war-torn Darfur (passive) [2]
This "future infinitive" construction is interesting in that it only has a future aspect to it in situations where the speaker is significantly distanced from the event.[3] In cases where the subject of the sentence is not quite as distanced from the speaker, then the same construction takes on a sense of instruction or necessity (as in "he is to wait outside", or "he is to go to hospital").
The same construction can be used in conditional clauses – If you are to go on holiday, then you need to work hard (or, conversely, if you want to...then you are to...).
The impersonality aspect comes from the fact that the emotionless verb to be is used in the place of the more usual modal verbs which would normally connect the speaker to the statement. In this way, statements are given weight (as if some external force, rather than the speaker, is governing events).
Conversely, however, the construction also provides an uncertainty aspect, since it frees the speaker from responsibility on their statement – in the phrase "John will go", for example, the speaker is almost advocating their certainty that John will, in fact, go; meanwhile, "the Prime Minister is to go" simply states the knowledge that the PM's going is in some way foreseen. (If John ends up not going, for example, the "will go" construction is negated, while the PM's "to go" construction would still hold true, since all it expresses is an expectation). In both cases, the knowledge is simply being reported (or pretends to be) from an independent source. In this sense, this impersonal to + verb construction can almost be seen as a fledgeling renarrative mood.

[edit] Other Germanic languages

The original Proto-Germanic ending of the infinitive was -an, with verbs derived from other words ending in -jan or -janan.
In German it is -en ("sagen"), with -eln or -ern endings on a few words based on -l or -r roots ("segeln", "ändern"). The use of zu with infinitives is similar to English to, but is less frequent than in English. German infinitives can function as nouns, often expressing abstractions of the action, in which case they are of neuter gender: das Essen means the eating, but also the food.
In Dutch infinitives also end in -en (zeggento say), sometimes used with te similar to English to, e.g. "Het is niet moeilijk te begrijpen" → "It is not difficult to understand." The few verbs with stems ending in -a have infinitives in -n (gaanto go, slaanto hit). Afrikaans has lost the distinction between the infinitive and present forms of verbs, with the exception of the verbs "wees" (to be), which admits the present form "is", and the verb "hê" (to have), whose present form is "het".
In Scandinavian languages the n has dropped out and the infinitive suffix has been reduced to -e or -a. The infinitives of these languages are inflected for passive voice through the addition of -s or -st to the active form.

[edit] Latin and Romance languages

The formation of the infinitive in the Romance languages reflects that in their ancestor, Latin, almost all verbs had an infinitive ending with -re (preceded by one of various thematic vowels). For example, in Spanish and Portuguese, infinitives end in -ar, -er, or -ir, while similarly in French they typically end in -re, -er, oir, and -ir. In Romanian the so-called "long infinitives" end in -are, -ere, -ire and they are converted into verbal nouns by articulation (verbs that cannot be converted into the nominal long infinitive are very rare[4]). The "short infinitives" used in verbal contexts (e.g. after an auxiliary verb) have the endings -a,-ea, -e, and -i (basically removing the ending in "-re"). In Romanian, the infinitive is usually replaced by a clause containing the preposition plus the subjunctive mood. The only verb that is modal in common modern Romanian is the verb a putea, to be able to. But in popular speech, the infinitive after a putea is also increasingly replaced by the subjunctive.
In all Romance languages, infinitives can also be used as nouns.
Latin infinitives challenged several of the generalizations about infinitives. They did inflect for voice (amare, "to love", amari, to be loved) and for aspect (amare, "to love", amavisse, "to have loved"), and allowed for an overt expression of the subject (video Socratem currere, "I see Socrates running").
Romance languages inherited from Latin the possibility of an overt expression of the subject. Moreover, the "inflected infinitive" (or "personal infinitive") found in Portuguese, Galician, and (some varieties of) Sardinian inflects for person and number. These are the only Indo-European languages that allow infinitives to take person and number endings. This helps to make infinitive clauses very common in these languages; for example, the English finite clause in order that you/she/we have... would be translated to Portuguese as para teres/ela ter/termos... (European Portuguese is a null-subject language). The Portuguese personal infinitive has no proper tenses, only aspects (imperfect and perfect), but tenses can be expressed using periphrastic structures. For instance, even though you sing/have sung/are going to sing could be translated to apesar de cantares/teres cantado/ires cantar.
Other Romance languages (including Spanish, Romanian, Catalan, and some Italian dialects) allow uninflected infinitives to combine with overt nominative subjects. For example, Spanish al abrir yo los ojos ("when I opened my eyes") or sin yo saberlo ("without my knowing about it").[5]

[edit] Hellenic languages

[edit] Ancient Greek

In Ancient Greek the infinitive has four tenses (present, future, aorist, perfect) and three voices (active, middle, passive). Unique forms for the middle are found only in the future and aorist; in the present and perfect, middle and passive are the same.
λύω
"I release"
active middle passive
present λύειν λύεσθαι
aorist λῦσαι λύσασθαι λυθῆναι
future λύσειν λύσεσθαι λυθήσεσθαι
perfect λελυκέναι λελύσθαι

[edit] Modern Greek

Only the Ancient Greek aorist infinitives active and passive survive in Modern Greek, but their descendants have a totally different function. The Ancient Greek γράψαι "to write" became γράψειν in analogy to the present infinitive γράφειν and then γράψει in Modern Greek and is used only in combination with the auxiliary verb έχω "I have" in the formation of the Present Perfect: έχω γράψει "I have written, lit. I have write(inf.)". When combined with είχα "I had", it yields the Past Perfect είχα γράψει "I had written". Similarly, the Ancient Greek γραφῆναι "to be written" survives as γραφεί (γραφῆ in Katharevousa); thus, έχει γραφεί (ἔχει γραφῆ in Kath.) means "It has been written".
In Pontic Greek, infinitives have a similar function; they only serve for the creation of the Present Perfect Optative: ας είχα γράψ'ναι "I wish I have written". Infinitives are formed this way: active: root of the Future + -ναι; passive: root of the Aorist + -θήν. Examples: εποθανείναι, μαθείναι, κόψ'ναι, ράψ'ναι, χαρίσ'ναι, αγαπέθην, κοιμεθήν.
In Modern Greek, "I want to write" translates θέλω να γράψω (literally, "I want that I write"), opposed to Ancient Greek ἐθέλω γράφειν (literally, "I want to write"). In Modern Greek, the infinitive has changed form and is used mainly in the formation of tenses and not with an article or alone. Instead of the Ancient Greek infinitive "γράφειν", Modern Greek uses the infinitive "γράψει", which does not inflect. The Modern Greek infinitive has only two forms according to voice, "γράψει" for the active voice and "γραφ(τ)εί" for the passive voice.

[edit] Balto-Slavic languages

The infinitive in Russian usually ends in -t’ (ть) preceded by a thematic vowel, or -ti (ти), if not preceeded by one; some verbs have a stem ending in a consonant and change the t to č’, such as *mogt’ → moč’ (*могть → мочь) "can". Some other Balto-Slavic languages have the infinitive typically ending in, for example, (sometimes -c) in Polish, -t’ in Slovak, -t (formerly -ti) in Czech and Latvian (with a handful ending in -s on the latter), -ty (-ти) in Ukrainian, -ць (-ts') in Belarusian. Lithuanian infinitives end in -ti, Slovenian end on -ti or -či, and Croatian on -ti or -ći.
Serbian officially retains infinitives -ti or -ći, but is more flexible than the other Slavs in breaking the infinitive through a clause. The infinitive nevertheless remains the dictionary form. Bulgarian and Macedonian have lost the infinitive altogether (it usually ended in -ти). For that reason, the present first-person singular conjugation is used as the dictionary form in Bulgarian, where as Macedonian uses the third person singular form of the verb.

[edit] Biblical Hebrew

Hebrew has two infinitives, the infinitive absolute and the infinitive construct. The infinitive construct is used after prepositions and is inflected with pronominal endings to indicate its subject or object: bikhtōbh hassōphēr "when the scribe wrote", ahare lekhtō "after his going". When the infinitive construct is preceded by ל (lə-, li-, lā-) "to", it has a similar meaning as the English to-infinitive, and this is its most frequent use in Modern Hebrew. The infinitive absolute is used for verb focus, as in מות ימות mōth yāmūth (literally "die he will die"; figuratively, "he shall indeed die").[6] This usage is commonplace in the Bible, but in Modern Hebrew it is restricted to high-flown literary works.
Note, however, that the to-infinitive of Hebrew is not the dictionary form; that is the third person singular perfect form.

[edit] Finnish

To form the first infinitive, the strong form of the root (without consonant gradation or epenthetic 'e') is used, and these changes occur:
  1. the root is suffixed with -ta/-tä according to vowel harmony
  2. consonant elision takes place if applicable, e.g. juoks+tajuosta
  3. assimilation of clusters violating sonority hierarchy if applicable, e.g. nuol+tanuolla, sur+tasurra
  4. 't' weakens to 'd' after diphthongs, e.g. juo+tajuoda
  5. 't' elides if intervocalic, e.g. kirjoitta+takirjoittaa
As such, it is inconvenient for dictionary use, because the imperative would be closer to the root word. Nevertheless, dictionaries use the first infinitive.
There are four other infinitives, which create a noun-, or adverb-like word from the verb. For example, the third infinitive is -ma/-mä, which creates an adjective-like word like "written" from "write": kirjoita- becomes kirjoittama.

[edit] Seri

The Seri language of northwestern Mexico has infinitival forms which are used in two constructions (with the verb meaning 'want' and with the verb meaning 'be able'). The infinitive is formed by adding a prefix to the stem: either iha- [iʔa-] (plus a vowel change of certain vowel-initial stems) if the complement clause is transitive, or ica- [ika-] (and no vowel change) if the complement clause is intransitive. The infinitive shows agreement in number with the controlling subject. Examples are: icatax ihmiimzo 'I want to go', where icatax is the singular infinitive of the verb 'go' (singular root is -atax), and icalx hamiimcajc 'we want to go', where icalx is the plural infinitive. Examples of the transitive infinitive: ihaho 'to see it/him/her/them' (root -aho), and ihacta 'to look at it/him/her/them' (root -oocta).

[edit] Translation to languages without an infinitive

In languages without an infinitive, the infinitive is translated either as a that-clause or as a verbal noun. For example, in Literary Arabic the sentence "I want to write a book" is translated as either urīdu an aktuba kitāban (lit. "I want that I write a book", with a verb in the subjunctive mood) or urīdu kitābata kitābin (lit. "I want the writing of a book", with the masdar or verbal noun), and in Demotic Arabic biddi aktob kitāb (subordinate clause with verb in subjunctive).
Even in languages that have infinitives, similar constructions are sometimes necessary where English would allow the infinitive. For example, in French the sentence "I want you to come" translates to Je veux que vous veniez (lit. "I want that you come", with come being in the subjunctive mood). However, "I want to come" is simply Je veux venir, using the infinitive, just as in English. In Russian, sentences such as "I want you to leave" do not use an infinitive. Rather, they use the conjunction чтобы "in order to/so that" with the past tense form (most probably remnant of subjunctive) of the verb: Я хочу, чтобы вы ушли (literally, "I want so that you left").

[edit] See also

subject-object concord

The other day, my father and I were expecting my brothers to come home. Upon hearing a car enter the driveway, my father said, "Your brothers are here."
When I looked at the door, I could see that it was actually my sister who had arrived, and not my brothers, so I responded,
She's not my brothers.
This seemed like a very awkward construction, but I could not think of any reason that it would be ungrammatical, other than the subject being singular and the object being plural.
I can think of several examples of sentences where the subject and object are different in number (with an intransitive verb: obviously there is nothing wrong with a transitive verb like "kick" having a subject an object differing in number) that do not seem to have any grammatical awkwardness.
We are a family.
His mind and body are one.
God is three persons: the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost.
Is the sentence, "she's not my brothers" grammatically correct, and what makes it different from these other sentences?
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Assuming said with emphasis on she, I think "She's not my brothers" is natural enough, and it's clear what you'd say instead. Possibly it just sounds slightly awkward because there aren't so many contexts where it is pragmatically valid to talk about the equation or non-equation of one person to two people.
But grammatically, the sentence is just following the usual pattern. Because English is strongly Subject-Verb-Object, with "be", the element before the verb is usually treated as the subject and so this is what the verb agrees with.
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She's not my brothers.
is grammatically correct if you put quotes around 'my brothers', as I have just done. This allows 'my brothers' to be treated as a singular object even though there are more than one 'brother'. "She is not 'my brothers'."
You run into the same awkwardness when explaining that you are looking for your scissors but have only found your pencil instead. "This pencil is not my scissors."
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Whilst maybe grammatically correct it does sound awkward, I would agree with Neil Coffey here in that it is probably awkward due to the issue with one person / two people.
The three examples you provided are slightly different:
We are a family.
The We is a group and family is a group therefore there isn't the same conflict.
His mind and body are one.
His implies ownership, He can own more than one thing.
God is three persons: the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost.
It hs clearly stated that God is three persons, and in this way most people can be refered to in a similar way, someone can be both a father and son without there being any form of conflict.
I think although grammatically correct there is probably a better way to respond, such as "No, it's my sister".


 copy link :
http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/17212/number-agreement-between-subject-and-object

Selasa, 17 Januari 2012

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istilah-istilah dan fungsi formula excel 2007

excel-2007Microsoft Excel merupakan perangkat lunak untuk mengolah data secara otomatis meliputiperhitungan dasar, penggunaan fungsi-fungsi, pembuatan grafik dan manajemen data.Perangkat lunak ini sangat membantu untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan administratif mulai yang paling sedernaha sampai yang lebih kompleks. Permasalahan sederhana tersebut misalnya membuat rencana kebutuhan barang meliputi namabarang, jumlah barang dan perkiraan harga barang.  Contoh permasalahan yang lebih kompleks adalah pembuatan laporan keuangan (general ledger) yang memerlukan banyak perhitungan, manajemen data dengan menampilkan grafik atau pivot tabel atau penggunaan fungsi-fungsi matematis ataupun logika pada sebuah laporan. untuk lebih jelasnya fungsi-fungsi tersebut di sampaikan pada paparan di bawah ini
Istilah-istilah dalam Excel
1. Cell : merupakan bagian terkecil dari worksheet yng dapat diisi dengan jumlah karakter (max. 255 karakter) isi cell dapat berupa value, formula atau text. Contoh : cell A3, cell D5
2. Worksheet (lembar Kerja) : merupakan kumpulan dari 256 kolom dan 65536 baris.
3. Workbook (buku kerja) : merupakan kumpulan dari 256 worksheet (berlabel sheet1 sampai sheet 256)
4. Range : merupakan sekelompok cell yang akan mendapataksi sama sesuai perintah yang anda jalankan. Pemberian alamat/ address dilakukan mulai dari cell sudut kiri atas sampai cell sudut kanan bawah. Contoh : A4:D6 → range mulai dari cell A4 sampai cell D6
5. Alamat Relatif : merupakan alamat yang jika dituliskan kedalam bentuk rumus atau fungsi akan berubah jika dicopy ke cell lain.
Contoh : cell berisi formula A5*6 ,B3 dicopy ke C5 formula pada C5 berubah menjadi B8*6
6. Alamat Semi Absolut : merupakan alamat yang dituliskan dengan tanda $ didepan baris atau kolomsehingga nilai tidak akan berubah.
Contoh : Cell B1 berisi formula $A1*7,B1 dicopy kan ke D5 formula pada D5 menjadi $A5*7
7. Alamat Absolut : merupakan alamat yang dituliskan dengan tanda $ didepan baris dan kolom.tekan tombol F4 untuk menghasilkan alamat absolut pada formula bar. Contoh : cell B1 berisi formula $A$1&5,B1 dicopy kan ke C3 formula pada C3 menjadi $A$1*5
8. Name Box : menunjukkan pada cell/ range yang aktif saat itu. Anda dapat juga membuat nama range melalui kotak nama disebelah kiri formula bar.
Contoh : Holla nama lain range A5:G7
Menulis Rumus
1.Operasi Logika
Dibawah ini terdapat operasi logika anda dapat menggunakan operasi resali atau perbandingan dengan lambang yang digunakan pada Excel dan fungsinya sebagai berikut :
a. = : sama dengan
b. > : lebih besar dari
c. < : lebih kecil dari d. >= : lebih besar atau sama dengan
e. <= : lebih kecil atau sama dengan f. <> : tidak sama dengan
2. Menggunakan Fungsi
Fungsi sebenarnya adalah rumus yang sudah ada disediakan oleh Excel 2003, yang akan membantu dalam proses perhitungan. Kita tinggal memanfaatkan sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Umumnya penulisan Fungsi harus dilengkapi dengan argumen, baik erupa angka, label, rumus, alamat sel atau range. Argumen ini harus ditulis dengan diapit tanda kurung ().
A.Fungsi Logika
Fungsi logika adalah fungsi yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan perhitungan-perhitungan yang berhubungan dengan pengambilan keputusan fungsi logika yang digunakan adalah :
1. Fungsi If :
Bentuk penulisannya : =If(kondisi,nilai jika benar,nilai jika salah)
Contoh : =If(A5<17,”anak-anak”,”dewasa”)>30,”panas”,if(A5>0,”hangat”,”dingin”))
2. Fungsi String
Fungsi string berfungsi untuk mengubah isi text numeric menjadi bilangan
1. Fungsi VALUE :
digunakan untuk merubah nilai value menjadi nilai text,
penulisannya : =VALUE(text)
2. Fungsi FIND :
digunakan untuk menghasilkan posisi substring dari sebuah string atau suatu nomor yang dicari,penulisannya : =FIND(cari text,pada text,mulai nomor)
3. Fungsi MID
digunakan untu mengambil karakter tertentu dari sederet karakter, penulisannya : =MID(text,posisi awal,jumlah karakter)
4. Fungsi LEFT atau RIGHT :
digunakan untuk mengambil substring sebelah kiri atau kanan string, penulisannya =LEFT atau =RIGHT(text,jumlah karakter)
5. Fungsi REPLACE :
digunakan untuk menggantikan substring dengan substring lain dalam sebuah string (sederetan karakter atau karakter),
penulisannya : =REPLACE(text lama,nomor awal,jumlah karakter,text baru)
6. Fungsi CONCATENATE :
digunakan untuk menggabungkan string menjadi satu kalimat maksimal 30 string,
penulisannya : =CONCATENATE(text1,text2,…)
B. Fungsi Tabel :
Fungsi HLOOKUP dan VLOOKUP digunakan untuk membaca tabel secara vertikal (VLOOKUP) atau secara horizontal (HLOOKUP),
penulisanya : =HLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,row_index_num,…)
=VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,row_index_num,…)
Fungsi yang sering digunakan
1. fungsi Sum :
Digunakan untuk menjumlahkan sekumpulan data pada satu range, penulisannya : =SUM(number1,number2,..)
2. Fungsi Average :
Digunakan untuk mencari nilai rata-rata,
penulisannya : =average(number1,number2,…)
3. Fungsi Max :
Digunakan untuk mencari nilai tertinggi dari sekumpulan data, penulisannya : =max(number1,number2,…)
4. Fungsi Min:
Digunakan untuk mencari nilai terendah dari sekumpulan data, penulisannya : =max(number1,number2,…)
5. fungsi Count :
Digunakan untuk menghitung jumlah data dari range yang kita pilih
6. Fungsi Stedev :
Digunakan untuk menentukan standart devisiasi dari suatu range, penulisannya : =stedev(number1,number2,…)
7. Fungsi Var :
Digunakan untuk menentukan nilai varience dari suatu range, penulisannya : =var(number1,number2,…)

Selasa, 03 Januari 2012

tugas reading


Exercise I
  1. who write the book ?
The book was written by herman melville
  1. what is mobby dick ?
moby dick is  the great white sperm whale
  1. what Ishmael’s occupation ?
he is a young teacher and join the whaler pequod as a common seaman .
  1. what happened to ahab when the ship accounter moby dick ?
ahab was died when the ship accounter moby dick
  1. who the book published by ?
the book published by billy budd

Exercise II
  1. what keeps the building warm ?
water-filled windows can keeps building warm
  1. who designed the window ?
the wet windows designed by engineer Frederick McKee
  1. what is the heat absorbed by ?
the heat absorbed by visible light that passes straight through
  1. what circulates through a heat excharger ?
the circulates through a heat excharger which allows the heat it contains to be stored for later use or the water  temperature can be cooled
  1. when was the magazine published ?
the magazine published on 25 October.

Exercise III
  1. what is laura’s accopation ?
  2. when did she star writing a book ?
  3. whom is she married with ?
  4. what did laura write in her book ?
  5. how old was laura when the first book was publish ?

status... hadi

huftt... tugas numpuk.....
pancasila >>> bikin resume >>> Belum bikin
reading C >>> persentasi   >>> kelompok VI dapet giliran terakhirrrrrrrr..
komputer >>> ad tugas ms excel >>> 3 kali pertemuan q ndak hadir..jd ndak tau apa materinya... pusiiiinggg !!
vocabulary >>> ad tugas >> ndak ngertii apa tugasnya
belum buat KTM ......
belum bayar SPP......

pusingg banget mana yang harus dikerjain ..... help me GOD !!!